Lifuti zigiye kwinjira mu bihe by'ubushyuhe! Gukonjesha icyumba cy'imashini ni igikorwa gikenewe

Kuki gucika intege kw'ibizamu bikunze kubaho mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bw'impeshyi? Ibi biterwa ahanini n'uko ibice by'ingenzi by'ibizamu bikunze kuba ku igorofa ryo hejuru ry'inzu. Ubushyuhe butuma ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'imashini izamura buzamuka, mu gihe ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bushobora kuba dogere 40 gusa, iyo umurongo w'ubushyuhe urenze, sisitemu izahagarara ubwayo kandi ikintu cyo guhagarara gitunguranye hagati mu nzira kizaba. Bigira ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe, urugero, ibizamu bihagarara bitunguranye bigafunga mu mikorere isanzwe, ibizamu ntibifungura cyangwa ngo bifunge umuryango iyo biruka bijya ku muryango, ibizamu ntibishobora guhindura umuvuduko iyo biruka bijya ku muryango, n'ibindi.
Uyu munsi, turaganira birambuye ku mpamvu ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'imashini bugira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere isanzwe ya lift mu mpeshyi. Twizeye ko iyi nkuru ishobora gukurura ibitekerezo by'ishyaka A kugira ngo bakonjeshe neza icyumba cy'imashini cya lift kandi barebe neza imikorere isanzwe ya lift hamwe!
Impamvu zitera ubushyuhe bwinshi mu cyumba cy'imashini
1. Aho inyubako y'icyumba cy'imashini ubwayo iherereye

Ibyumba byinshi bya ascenseur biri ku gisenge cy'inyubako, bimwe muri byo ni icyumba cyagenewe hejuru ku gisenge cy'inyubako, igisenge n'inkuta enye z'icyumba ni ibahasha yo hanze. Ibahasha yo hanze izwi kandi nk'urukuta rwo hanze, kandi ubushyuhe bwayo bufitanye isano rya hafi n'ubushyuhe bw'ubushyuhe bw'ubutaka, bityo bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwo mu nzu.
Mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'impeshyi, iyo ubushyuhe bwo hanze buri hejuru, ubushyuhe bw'ibahasha nabwo buba buri hejuru, ibyo bigatuma ubushyuhe bwo mu cyumba cy'ibimera bwiyongera. Ku cyumba, uko igice cy'inyubako yose yo kubungabunga ibahasha yo hanze ingana cyane, ni ko ubushyuhe bwo mu nzu bungana cyane n'ubushyuhe bwo hanze, bityo aho icyumba cy'abakiriya giherereye hagaragaza ko ari cyo cyumba kigira ingaruka cyane ku bushyuhe bwo mu kirere n'izuba mu mpeshyi.
2. Ubushyuhe butangwa n'amashanyarazi

Ibice by'ingenzi bitanga ubushyuhe mu byuma by'amashanyarazi mu cyumba cy'imashini ni icyuma gihindura imikorere y'amashanyarazi (frequency converter), icyuma gikingira feri (resistor) na moteri y'amashanyarazi. Inverter na moteri bikoresha igice cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi bitewe n'ubushobozi bwabyo kandi bikabirekura mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe; icyuma gikingira feri gikoresha ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikomoka ku kongera kuvugurura lift hanyuma kikayirekura mu buryo bw'ubushyuhe. Ibice byombi by'ubushyuhe bisohorwa mu cyumba cy'imashini bigatuma ubushyuhe bw'icyumba bwiyongera.

(1) Inverteri

Ihinduranya ry’amakuru rigizwe n’uruziga rw’ibanze n’uruziga rw’igenzura. Uruziga rw’ibanze ni igice cy’ihererekanya ry’amashanyarazi rya moteri gitanga ingufu zo kugenzura amashanyarazi n’amakuru y’amakuru y’ibanze kandi kigizwe n’ibice bitatu: ihinduranya ry’amashanyarazi, uruziga rworoshya n’ihinduranya ry’amashanyarazi. Igice cy’ihinduranya ry’ihinduranya ry’imashini, transistor ya bipolar yashyizwe mu cyuma gishyushya (IGBT), ni cyo gikoresho cy’ingenzi cyo gutanga ubushyuhe muri iyo inverter, kandi ihinduranya ry’ubushyuhe rya IGBT rishyirwa mu cyuma gishyushya cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gufungura no kuzimya. Ihinduranya ry’ubushyuhe rya IGBT rishyirwa mu cyuma gishyushya cyane cyane mu gihe cyo gufungura no kuzimya. Ihinduranya ry’amashanyarazi rigomba gutangizwa kenshi, bityo rigatanga ubushyuhe bwinshi.

(2) Ibikoresho birwanya feri

Resistor yo gufunga feri ubwayo ni yo ikoreshwa ry'ingufu mu bushyuhe, urugero: iyo lift ifunguwe ikanazamuka, counterweight iremereye kurusha imodoka, rotor y'imashini nkuru izunguruka ikagabanya ingendo z'umurongo wa magnetic force line ya stator coil, igatanga self-generation, ku buryo moteri ihinduka kuva ku rwego rw'amashanyarazi ijya ku rwego rwo gutanga amashanyarazi, kandi izi ngufu zo kongera kuvugurura zizanyura mu gice cyo gufunga feri cya inverter hanyuma amaherezo zikazakoreshwa na resistor yo kongera kugabanya feri nk'ubushyuhe. Mu kazi k'igice, hakozwe ikizamini, bibiri bikoresha inshuro imwe ya lift, imwe ya lift ikoresha imbaraga zo hanze nk'ingufu, lift ikoresha ingufu zo kongera kugabanya feri ikoresheje resistor yo kongera kugabanya feri, indi lift ikoresha ingufu zo hanze n'igikoresho cyo gutanga ibitekerezo byo kuzigama ingufu, ingufu zo kongera kugabanya amashanyarazi zikomoka ku ngufu zo kongera kugabanya amashanyarazi, nyuma yo gukora igihe runaka, ingufu zo hanze zikoreshwa kurusha izindi zikoreshwa munsi ya 35%. Ibi bigaragaza ubushyuhe butangwa na resistor yo kongera kugabanya feri, bingana na 1/3 cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi za lift.

(3) Moteri

Imikorere ya moteri ubwayo ifite ingufu runaka zikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi. Dukurikije formula y'ubushyuhe bwa moteri Q=I²Rt, ubushyuhe busohoka mu gihe cy'imikorere ya moteri bungana na kare y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Moteri y'amashanyarazi ifite umuyoboro mwinshi mu gutangira no gufunga, kandi lift, nk'uburyo bwo gutwara amashanyarazi buhagaze, igomba gutangira no gufunga kenshi, ibyo bikazana ubushyuhe bwinshi.

Ubushyuhe bwinshi mu cyumba cy'imashini kiri kuri lifti

Ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe

1. Ingaruka ku buryo bw'amashanyarazi bwo kugenzura

(1) Ubushyuhe bwinshi bushobora gutera ibibazo muri gahunda y'akanama gashinzwe kugenzura mudasobwa

Ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga biri ku kibaho cy'igenzura cya microcomputer cyangwa PLC bikora igenzura rya logique binyuze mu kugereranya ingano y'amashanyarazi n'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi kandi bigasubiza mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'amabwiriza yo hanze. Bitewe n'imiterere y'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga, ku bushyuhe buri hejuru y'ubwo byemewe, isuzuma rya logique ry'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga rizaba ritari ryo kandi ikibaho cy'igenzura cya microcomputer kizaba kidahamye.

(2) Ubushyuhe bwinshi bwangiza byoroshye ibice by'ikoranabuhanga

(a) Inverteri

Igipimo cyo gutsindwa kwa inverter kizamuka cyane uko ubushyuhe buzamuka, kandi ubuzima bwa serivisi bugabanuka cyane uko ubushyuhe buzamuka, kandi ubuzima bwa serivisi ya inverter bugabanuka kabiri iyo ubushyuhe bw'ikirere buzamutseho 10°C.

Iyo ubushyuhe bw’ikirere burenze ubushyuhe bwemewe, bizatuma ibipimo bya inverter mu muyoboro wa inverter bihinduka mu gihe cyo gufungura no gufunga, bigatuma habaho inzira yo guhinduranya, igikoresho kimwe kiba cyamaze gukora mu gihe ikindi kitari cyiteguye gufunga, bigatera "guhagarara neza" hagati y’ibikoresho byo hejuru n’ibyo hasi by’umurongo umwe w’ikiraro, bizashyira igice mu kanya gato. Inverter ihita yangirika kandi inverter ntishobora gukora neza. Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe bw’imikorere ya inverter yo gushyushya buzagabanuka cyane, byoroshye bigatera kwangirika kwa inverter, bigatuma lift inanirwa.

(b) Ubushobozi bwo kwirinda feri

Iyo ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, biroroshye gutuma resistor ya feri ikuraho ubushyuhe igihe kirekire cyane. Iyo lift igenda kenshi, ubushyuhe bwa resistor ya feri bwiyongera inshuro nyinshi, amaherezo bigatera kwangirika bitewe n'ubushyuhe bwinshi bwa resistor ya feri ndetse bigatera n'inkongi y'umuriro n'izindi mpanuka z'umutekano.

(c) Ibindi bice by'ikoranabuhanga

Ibikoresho bya "contactors", "relay", "transformers", ibi bice by'ikoranabuhanga biri mu kazi, bitewe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi unyura mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ibisigazwa by'amashanyarazi; "AC circuit" bitewe n'uruhare rw'amashanyarazi asimburana, muri "magnetism" kugira ngo habeho igihombo cya "eddy current" n'igihombo cya "hysteresis". Ibi bihombo byose bihinduka hafi ya byose ingufu z'ubushyuhe, zigashyirwa mu gice gikikije igice hanyuma zigasigara mu gikoresho, bigatuma ubushyuhe bw'igikoresho buzamuka. Muri iki gihe, niba ubushyuhe buri hejuru cyane, ibice by'ikoranabuhanga bitagenda neza mu gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kimwe kizagabanya cyane ubwizigirwa bw'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga; icya kabiri ni ukugabanya igihe cyo gukora cy'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga, ndetse no kwangirika kw'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga. Imibare igaragaza ko ubushyuhe bw'ibice by'ikoranabuhanga buri 2 ℃, ubwizigirwa bwagabanutseho 10%, ubushyuhe bwazamutseho 50 ℃ iyo igihe cyo gukora ubushyuhe cyazamutseho 25 ℃ gusa 1/6.

2. Ingaruka ku buryo bw'imikorere y'imashini

Sisitemu ya mekanike y'icyumba cy'imashini iterura ahanini ni imashini ikurura, ubusanzwe igizwe na moteri, feri, gearbox, uruziga rukurura, uruziga ruyobora, fremu, uruziga ruzunguruka disiki, n'ibindi.

(1) Ingaruka kuri moteri itwara imizigo

Iyo ubushyuhe bw'ikirere burenze ubushyuhe bwemewe bw'icyumba cy'imashini, bizagira ingaruka zikomeye ku gushonga k'ubushyuhe bwa moteri itwara amashanyarazi. Bitewe no gutangira no gufunga kenshi moteri, moteri ubwayo izarekura ubushyuhe bwinshi, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'icyumba cy'imashini ntibushobora gukurwaho ku gihe.

Nubwo imiterere y’imiterere ya moteri yatekerejweho neza mu rwego rwo gukomeza uburyo ubushyuhe bukoreshwa mu gukwirakwiza ubushyuhe mu gice cy’icyuma cya stator. Urugero, bimwe mu bikoresho byagenewe gushyigikirwa n’imigozi yo ku mpera, bikuraho ko hakenewe imashini isanzwe, bigatuma igice cy’imbere kiba igishushanyo mbonera gifunguye kandi bikongera ingaruka zo gukonjesha; gushimangira imiterere y’imiyoboro y’umwuka ikikije ibice bya stator na rotor; kongera ubushobozi bwo guhumeka bw’imyobo y’umuyaga, nibindi, ariko iyi miterere ntikoreshwa cyane muri moteri. Inyinshi muri zo zifite abafana bakonjesha, bagenzurwa n’amashanyarazi akoresha ubushyuhe ari ku buso bw’igice cy’imbere cya stator. Iyo ubushyuhe bw’igice cy’imbere bugeze kuri dogere selisiyusi 60, icyuma gishyushya ubushyuhe kirakora maze umufana agahuzwa na moteri itwara umwuka kugira ngo ahumeke neza kandi akonje. Ingaruka zo gukonjesha ku ngufu ntizigaragara mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe bwinshi mu cyumba cy’imashini. Ukurikije ko ubushyuhe bwa moteri buzakomeza kwiyongera iyo gukonjesha ku ngufu byananiwe gukonja, bimwe mu bikoresho bya moteri bifite thermistors zitwikiriye muri buri cyiciro cyo gukonja. Iyo ubushyuhe bwa moteri buzamutse bukagera kuri dogere selisiyusi 155, imbaraga zo guhangana na thermistor y'imbere ziyongera cyane kandi uburyo bwo kurinda ubushyuhe mu gice cy'ubuyobozi burakora, bigatuma lift ihindura umuvuduko igahagarara kuri sitasiyo yo hasi iri hafi kugira ngo ikingure umuryango kugeza igihe moteri ikonje mbere yo kongera gukora.

Nubwo ubu buryo bushobora kugira uruhare mu kurinda moteri, amasaha menshi y'ubushyuhe mu mpeshyi no guhagarara kenshi kwa lift kugira ngo irinde bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mikorere n'ikoreshwa ry'lift.

(2) Ingaruka ku gikoresho cy'isanduku

Agasanduku k'amapine gakozwe n'imashini y'umuyoboro n'imashini y'umuyoboro. Muri rusange, imashini y'umuyoboro ikorwa mu bikoresho bifite ubukana bwinshi n'ubukomezi bwiza, inyinshi muri byo zikozwe mu cyuma cya nickel-chromium alloy cyangwa icyuma cya silikoni-manganese alloy, ariko kandi icyuma cya karuboni gikozwe mu gipimo cya karuboni 0.4%-0.55%, kandi ubuso bw'imashini bugomba gukomera hakoreshejwe kuzimya cyangwa gukaraba. Uruziga rw'imashini y'umuyoboro rukozwe mu muyoboro wa fosforasi, mu muyoboro wa tin cyangwa mu muyoboro wa aluminium-tin-nickel rufite ubushobozi buke bwo gukururana hakoreshejwe imashini. Kubera ko igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho bitandukanye gitandukanye, kandi igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'uruziga rw'inyundo ari hafi 1/2 cy'igipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'inyundo, iyo ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'imashini buri hejuru ya 40°C, ubushyuhe mu kirere n'ubushyuhe buterwa no kuzunguruka no gukururana kw'ibice biri muri gearbox, byombi hamwe, ubushyuhe bwo muri gearbox buzaba bwinshi, kandi ubushyuhe bwinshi buhoraho buzatuma ubushyuhe bw'ibice bukwirakwira, bityo bikangiza uburyo ibikoresho by'inyundo bikorerwa muri gearbox. Ibi bizagabanya aho turbine shaft n'umugozi w'inyundo bihagarara, byongera ubuso buhuza, byongera gukururana kw'ubuso buhuza, byihutishe kwangirika no gucika, kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ituze, ndetse binatanga urusaku rudasanzwe kandi byangize ibikoresho by'inyundo (urugero: iyo utwaye lift, uzumva urusaku mu cyumba cy'imashini itwara lift, kandi hazabaho guhindagura kudasanzwe mu modoka). Muri icyo gihe, ubushyuhe bwinshi buri muri boyike bugabanya ubushyuhe bw'amavuta, ibyo bikaba bidafasha mu gukora firime y'amavuta kandi bikazihutisha ogisijeni y'amavuta, bigira ingaruka ku ngaruka zo gusiga amavuta y'ibinyobwa no kongera kwangirika kwabyo.

Uburyo bwo kugenzura ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'imashini

1. Inyubako

Icyumba cy'imashini yo hejuru cyo gukora isuku y'imiterere y'ibikoresho byo mu nzu, kugabanya ingaruka z'ubushyuhe bwo hanze ku bikoresho byo mu nzu mu gihe cy'izuba ryinshi, icyarimwe ntibishobora kuba kuko ari icyumba cy'ibikoresho kandi ntibyita ku miterere y'ibikoresho byo kubungabunga isuku, bikagabanya ubunini bw'imiterere y'ibikoresho byo kubungabunga.

2. Shyiramo ibikoresho byo guhumeka no gukonjesha

Mu gihe cy’ubushyuhe karemano, gushyiraho ibikoresho byo guhumeka kugira ngo bihuze n’ubushyuhe bw’icyumba cya seriveri, ni ngombwa gushyiraho icyuma gikonjesha. Mu gihe cyo gushyiraho ibikoresho byo guhumeka (urugero: umuyaga ushyushya), bigomba kuba bihuye n’aho umwuka ufunguye mu cyumba cya seriveri (urugero: louvers), bigatuma umwuka uhindagurika, bityo bigatuma ubushyuhe bw’icyumba cya seriveri burushaho kwiyongera.

3. Gukoresha ibikoresho bizigama ingufu

Ingufu z'ubushyuhe za resistor ya feri iri mu kabati k'ubugenzuzi zihinduka ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikabikwa muri batiri cyangwa zigasubizwa mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi, bishobora gukuraho isoko y'ubushyuhe kandi bikanagira uruhare mu kuzigama ingufu. Iyo lift ikora, lift ifite inzira yo gukora ingufu. Iyo lift ifunguwe ikazamuka ikamanuka, rotor ya moteri ikururwa n'imbaraga zo hanze cyangwa umutwaro ubwawo ugakomezwa no kuzunguruka, bituma umuvuduko nyawo wa moteri uruta umuvuduko uhuza ubwinshi bw'umusaruro wa inverter, muri iki gihe moteri iba iri mu rwego rwo gukora ingufu, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zitangwa na moteri zizabikwa muri capacitor ya filter iri muri inverter. Iyo izi ngufu zidakoreshejwe, voltage ya DC bus izazamuka vuba kandi ikagira ingaruka ku mikorere isanzwe ya inverter. Uburyo busanzwe bwo guhangana n'izi ngufu ni ukongeraho utwuma twa feri cyangwa resistor ya feri, ibi bigahindura izi ngufu ubushyuhe bikayipfusha ubusa. Igikoresho cyo kuzigama ingufu gishobora gusimbuza utwuma twa feri na resistor ya feri, kandi gishobora kongera izi ngufu mu muyoboro, bigasohoza intego z'icyatsi kibisi, zitangiza ibidukikije kandi zigakiza ingufu.

Igikoresho cyo kuzigama ingufu cyagenewe kumenya mu buryo bwikora voltage ya DC bus ya inverter na voltage ya grid, no binyuze muri poroseseri na inverter kugira ngo voltage ya DC y'umurongo wa DC muri inverter ihinduke voltage ya AC ifite frequency n'icyiciro kimwe na voltage ya grid, hanyuma ihuzwe na grid ya AC nyuma yo gukusanya urusaku rwinshi, kugira ngo igere ku ntego yo kongera ingufu mu muyoboro.

4. Ibikoresho byo gukoresha n'ibijyanye no kubungabunga bigomba gushyiraho abakozi babigenewe kugira ngo bakomeze imicungire

Ibikoresho byo kubungabunga bigomba kugenzura buri gihe niba ibikoresho bikonjesha bikora neza kandi bigasuzuma buri gihe imikorere y'ibikoresho bitanga ubushyuhe (nk'ibihindura frequency, resistor za feri na moteri). Kugira ngo bikoreshe ibikoresho bifite lift nyinshi, bigomba guhindura imikorere yabyo mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bw'impeshyi kugira ngo birinde gukoresha lift imwe gusa kugira ngo byorohereze urugendo cyangwa izindi mpamvu, ibyo byongera umutwaro wo gukoresha lift mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe. Byongeye kandi, igikoresho gikoresha kigomba gushyira buri cyumba cy'imashini zizamura umuriro.

Muri make: urwego rw'ubwenge bwiyongera bw'uburyo bwo kugenzura lift ntabwo burakuraho burundu amakosa yo guterura, kandi icyerekezo cyo gucika intege kenshi bitewe no gusaza kw'ibikoresho byo guterura bikoreshwa buri mwaka ntikizahinduka. Ariko, mu kuganira no gusesengura imiterere y'inyubako, uburyo bwo kugenzura amashanyarazi n'uburyo bwa mekanike bw'icyumba cy'imashini yo guterura, no gufata ingamba zigamije kugenzura neza buri sano, dushobora kwemeza ko ubushyuhe bw'icyumba cy'imashini yo guterura buri mu rugero rusanzwe mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe bwinshi mu mpeshyi, kandi amaherezo tukavanaho cyangwa tukagabanya amakosa atandukanye aterwa n'ubushyuhe bwinshi, kugira ngo tumenye neza ko lift ikora ahantu hizewe, hahamye kandi hizewe kandi irusheho gufasha abayikoresha.