Ihame ryo gushyira mu bikorwa ubwoko butatu bw'uburyo bwo gutabara mu gihe cy'ubutabazi bwihutirwa bwa elevator n'ibibazo bigomba kwitabwaho

Ascenseur ya FUJISJ yahoraga ifitanye isano rikomeye n'ikibazo cy'umutekano wa ascenseur, kandi uyu munsi turasesengura tunaganire ku bwoko butatu bw'uburyo bwo gutabara mu gihe ascenseur yananiwe.

1 Gukoresha igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'intoki
1.1 Ihame ryo gushyira mu bikorwa igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'intoki
Igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'intoki kigomba gufungura feri inyuze mu ipfundo ryo gutabara kugira ngo imodoka igende buhoro buhoro igana aho iringaniye kugira ngo igere ku ntego yo gutabara. Intambwe zo gukora za ascenseur hamwe n'icyumba cy'imashini ni izi: gufunga switch y'amashanyarazi, gushyira ipine rya disiki ku mugozi wa moteri (ku ruziga rwa disiki rushobora gukurwaho, hagomba kandi kuba hari igikoresho cy'umutekano cy'amashanyarazi, gikora vuba iyo ipine rya disiki rirangiye gushyirwaho, umurokozi umwe afashe ipine rya disiki, undi murokozi agakoresha feri kugira ngo imodoka igende buhoro, arebe ikimenyetso cy'urwego ku mugozi w'insinga, atume imodoka yimuka mu gice cy'urwego, afungure urugi rwo hasi n'umuryango w'imodoka kugira ngo arokore umuntu wafashwe. Ku ascenseur idafite icyumba cy'imashini, igikoresho cyo gutabara gikozwe n'icyuma gikurura insinga n'insinga, kandi impera ebyiri z'insinga zikurura insinga zishyizwe ku ipfundo ryo gutabara n'itsinda rya feri (reba Ishusho ya 1).

Ku gikoresho cy’ameza kidafite icyumba cy’imashini gifite igikoresho cyo gutabara gikozwe n’intoki gusa, intambwe zo gukora ni izi zikurikira: hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy’uko inzugi zose z’umutekano w’umugozi n’inzugi z’imodoka zifunze, shyiramo feri irekuye kugira ngo urekure feri y’ameza, iyo uburemere bw’imodoka n’uburemere butari bungana, imodoka izagenda buhoro yerekeza ku ruhande ifite uburemere bworoshye, irebe umwobo wo kureba uhari ku mugozi cyangwa ku kimenyetso cy’urwego (ikimenyetso cy’urwego kigomba kandi gucanwa iyo umuriro w’ameza ufunze), kandi ufungure inzugi z’urwego n’inzugi z’imodoka iyo imodoka igeze ku rwego rwo hejuru kugira ngo urokore abantu bafatiwe. Iyo imodoka igeze ku rwego rwo hejuru, fungura urugi rw’ubutaka n’urugi rw’imodoka kugira ngo urokore abantu bafatiwe. Niba bigaragaye ko uburemere bw’uruhande rw’imodoka n’uruhande rwo hejuru bungana muri iki gihe, ubutabazi bushobora gukorwa muri ubu buryo gusa nyuma yuko uburinganire bugabanutse hifashishijwe imbaraga zo hanze [1].
1.2 Ibibazo bikwiye kwitabwaho mu gihe ukoresha igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'intoki
Dukurikije isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru, biragaragara ko igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'intoki cya ascenseur gifite ibyumba by'imashini muri rusange gisaba abatabazi babiri b'abahanga kugira ngo bafatanye. Ku byumba by'imashini bidafite ibyumba by'imashini, imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo umuntu aterure urufunguzo rwo kurekura muri rusange ziba nini, kandi iyo itandukaniro ry'uburemere hagati y'uruhande rw'imodoka n'uruhande rurerure ari rinini, ascenseur ikunze kunyerera vuba iyo idakoreshejwe neza cyangwa idakoreshejwe neza. Ingazi yihuta ntabwo igerageza gusa ubushobozi bw'abatabazi mu by'umwuga, ahubwo inatera ubwoba bwo mu mutwe ku bantu bafashwe.
2 Igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoresha amashanyarazi kidakoresha feri
2.1 Ihame ry'igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoreshwa n'amashanyarazi
Gutabara amarembo afunguye amashanyarazi biri mu buryo busanzwe binyuze mu gusharija bateri, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zinyura mu mikorere y'akabuto k'igikoresho kugira ngo hagerwe ku mikorere y'irembo rifunguye amashanyarazi. Igikoresho cyo gutabara amarembo afunguye amashanyarazi muri rusange kiba gifite utubuto dutatu: gutangirira, imbaraga n'umugaragaro. Utubuto two gutangirira n'umugaragaro dushobora gukanda icyarimwe kugira ngo hagerwe ku mwanya utari uw'irembo, kandi utubuto two gukanda n'umugaragaro dushobora gukanda icyarimwe kugira ngo hagerwe ku mwanya utari uw'irembo. Ihame ryo gushyira mu bikorwa rigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.

Igikoresho cyo gutabara feri idafite amashanyarazi gikoresha amashanyarazi menshi muri rusange gitanga amatsinda abiri y'amashanyarazi ya DC: itsinda rimwe ni voltage ya feri idafite feri, ari yo BZ+ na BZ- mu ishusho ya 2, ifite imbaraga nyinshi za 110V, kandi voltage yo kubungabunga muri rusange ni hafi 80V; irindi tsinda ni 24V, ikoreshwa ku isoko ry'amashanyarazi rya sensor ya feri idafite feri kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa ku zindi ngufu. Uburyo bwo kuyikiza ni ubu bukurikira: iyo ingufu z'amashanyarazi ziciwe, coil yo gufunga urugi EPB itakaza ingufu, bityo contacts ebyiri zisanzwe zifunze za EPB zifunga, muri iki gihe, niba urugi rwo hasi n'urugi rw'imodoka bifunze, ingufu z'urugi rw'imodoka n'ingufu z'urugi rwo hasi bifunze, kandi ikimenyetso cyo gufunga urugi MSO na MSI bigakora circuit, hanyuma coil yo gufunga feri ikora inzira muri voltage ya 110V DC BZ+~BZ-, coil ibona ingufu kandi igatsinda imbaraga z'impeshyi kugira ngo irekure irembo. Iyo imodoka igeze aho iringaniza, ikimenyetso cyo kuringaniza kiba gikora neza kandi diode itanga urumuri irakora, muri iki gihe imodoka igeze aho iringaniza, umutabazi akingura urugi rwo hasi n'urugi rw'imodoka kugira ngo arokore abantu bari mu kaga.
2.2 Ibibazo bikwiye kwitabwaho mu gihe ukoresha igikoresho cy'ubutabazi gikoresha amashanyarazi kidafunguye
Dukurikije isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru, bigaragara ko hari ibintu bibiri bisabwa kugira ngo irembo rifunguke neza: (1) gutakaza ingufu z'amashanyarazi; (2) urugi rw'urwego n'umuryango w'imodoka bifunze. Nasanze mu kugenzura no kugenzura ascenseur, ascenseur iyo ivanywe ku muriro, urugi rw'imodoka ruzahita rufunguka mu buryo bwikora hafi ya cm 3, icyuho kizahita gifunga nyuma yuko ascenseur ikoreshejwe. Nyuma, byagaragaye ko urukuta rw'imodoka rufite umuyoboro wo gufunga ufite umuyoboro wo gukanda hasi, kandi ipasi ihita ifungura urugi rw'imodoka nyuma yo gutakaza ingufu kugira ngo habeho icyuho. Ukurikije uko ibintu bimeze, iyi miterere y'uruganda ishobora gutekerezwaho kugira ngo byorohereze abantu bafatiwe mu modoka kandi barokore, ariko hari n'ingaruka ebyiri: (1) ibyago byo gukata. Iyo umuntu wafatiwe mu modoka agerageje gufungura urugi rw'imodoka abonye icyuho, iyo ascenseur ibonye umuriro mu buryo butunguranye, urugi rw'imodoka ruzongera gufungwa, ibyo bikazatera imvune ku muntu wafatiwe mu modoka; (2) urugi rw'imodoka rurafunguka ku buryo ingufuri y'urugi rw'imodoka icika, hanyuma imikorere y'irembo risohora amashanyarazi ntishobora gukorwa. Ibikoresho byinshi byo gufungura amarembo by'amashanyarazi byakozwe n'umwanditsi biri hanze y'uruziga rw'irembo, ni ukuvuga gufunga urugi rwo hasi n'urugi rw'imodoka ni byo shingiro ry'imirimo yo gufungura amarembo y'amashanyarazi, kandi bitari mu by'umutekano ku bakozi bafunzwe, kugira ngo birinde abakozi bafunzwe gukomeretsa umuntu bitewe no gukoresha nabi imbere mu modoka, kandi birinda umutekano w'abakozi bafunzwe ku rugero runaka [2]. Niba uburemere bw'uruhande rw'imodoka n'uruhande rurerure rw'imodoka bungana, imbaraga zo hanze zirakenewe kugira ngo habeho ubutabazi, urugero, ingufuri zo gukiza zishobora kongerwa ku gisenge cy'imodoka.
3 Gutabara hakoreshejwe igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora
3.1 Ihame ry'igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora
Iyo ingufu z'amashanyarazi ari zisanzwe, igikoresho cyo gutabara kigenda gikurikirana ingufu z'amashanyarazi; iyo ascenseur itakaje ingufu cyangwa intera, ihita itangira gukora no gusohora ingufu kuri ascenseur, izakoresha imodoka kugeza ku rwego rwo hejuru ku muvuduko wo gutabara hanyuma igatwara urugi rw'imodoka n'umuryango wo hasi kugira ngo ifungure kandi irekure abantu bafashwe. Igikoresho cyo gutabara kigenda gishyirwaho mu buryo bwigenga kuri ascenseur kandi gikoresha imiterere ya modular hamwe na modules zubatswemo inverter na rectifier kandi modules zirahura. Ihame ry'imikorere yacyo ni iri rikurikira: iyo ingufu z'amashanyarazi zisanzwe zitangwa, icyuma cyo gushakisha cyubatswemo cy'igikoresho cyo gutabara kigenda gitanga ikimenyetso cy'uko umuriro usanzwe, kandi bateri ishaje mu buryo bwikora, kandi circuit yayo yo gusharija ifite imirimo yo kurinda umutekano nko gukoresha umuriro mwinshi, gukoresha umuriro mwinshi na short-circuit. Iyo imodoka itari mu gace ko kugorora, circuit ya inverter n'igikoresho cyo gukosora bizatanga umuriro kuri drive host, sisitemu yo kugenzura imashini y'umuryango na center holding, hanyuma imodoka itangira gukora; Iyo sisitemu yo gutahura igikoresho cyo gutabara kigenda gihita kibona ko imodoka iri kwiruka igana aho iri, sisitemu yo kugenzura imashini y'umuryango izatangira gukora, maze umuryango w'imodoka n'umuryango wo hasi bikingurirwa icyarimwe kugira ngo birekure abantu bari mu kaga. Iyo sisitemu yo gutahura igikoresho cyo gutabara kigenda gihita kibona ko imodoka iri kwiruka igana aho iri, sisitemu yo kugenzura imashini y'umuryango itangira gukora, maze umuryango w'imodoka n'umuryango wo hasi bikingurirwa icyarimwe kugira ngo birekure abantu bari mu kaga. Ihame ry'imikorere rigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3.

Urugero rukurikira ni urugero rw'ikirango cy'igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora kugira ngo gigaragaze ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryacyo ryihariye. Ishusho yacyo y'amashanyarazi igaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Iyo amashanyarazi yo hanze yatakaye, poroseseri y'imbere izamenya ingufu nyamukuru zitari mu cyiciro (abakora bamwe na bamwe banyura mu buryo bw'inyongera busanzwe bufunze bw'icyuma gifunga inyenyeri kugira ngo babone uko bamenya), nyuma yo gutegereza igihe runaka (ibisabwa n'amategeko y'igenzura ni nibura 3s uhereye ku ibura ry'amashanyarazi yo hanze) icyuma cyayo cyubatswemo bateri (muri rusange amatsinda 4 y'ingufu za 12V) kizahindurwamo 380V AC isohoka mu kabati gashinzwe kugenzura ascenseur binyuze mu gice cy'urukiramende cya inverter. Transformateur iri mu kabati gashinzwe kugenzura ascenseur izagabanya 380V kugeza kuri 220V na 110V kugira ngo itange ingufu ku muryango wa moteri n'urukiramende ruyifata. Niba urukiramende rwa feri rufite ingufu za DC, icyuma gikosora (niba feri ifite module yigenga y'ingufu za feri kandi ifite module yo gusubiza inyuma yubatswemo, icyuma gikosora ntabwo gikenewe). Nyuma y’uko igikorwa cyavuzwe haruguru kirangiye, umurongo ugenzura ascenseur uzafata imikorere ya ascenseur hakurikijwe ikimenyetso cy’igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora, hanyuma wimure ascenseur igere aho iringaniye buhoro buhoro, icyo gihe umurongo w’amashanyarazi w’umuryango uzagenzura urugi rw’imodoka kugira ngo rufunguke bityo ugendeshe urugi rwo hasi kugira ngo rufunguke, bityo urangize igikorwa cyose cyo gutabara. Iyo umuriro w’inyuma usubijwe, umurongo w’inyuma uzatangira gukoreshwa mu buryo busanzwe, kandi igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora ntikizakora muri icyo gihe kugira ngo hirindwe ko voltage ya inverter isubira inyuma ku ruhande rw’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi n’inzitizi hagati y’umuyoboro usanzwe w’amashanyarazi n’amashanyarazi asohoka y’igikoresho cyo gutabara. Bigaragara kandi ku Ishusho ya 4 ko paki ya bateri ya 48V idatanga voltage yinjiye kuri inverter gusa, ahubwo inatanga ingufu za 24V DC kuri poroseseri y’imbere.

3.2 Aho bagenzura igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora n'ibibazo bigomba kwitabwaho
Dukurikije TSG T7001-2009 “Amabwiriza yo kugenzura, kugenzura no kugenzura buri gihe ascenseur – Gutwara no gutwara ascenseur ku ngufu” (harimo urutonde rwavuguruwe rwa Nomero 1, 2, 3), ibisabwa mu igenzura ry’ibikoresho byo gutabara byikora ni ibi bikurikira: (1) icyapa cy’amazina kigaragaza izina ry’uwakoze, icyitegererezo cy’ibicuruzwa, inomero y’ibicuruzwa, ibipimo by’ingenzi bya tekiniki, icyapa cy’amazina cy’igikoresho cyo gutabara cyikora cyashyizweho n’igikoresho (2) gishyirwa mu bikorwa byo gutabara byikora nyuma yo gutegereza nibura 3s ko amashanyarazi yangirika, ascenseur ihita irekura kandi igafungura umuryango; (3) iyo ascenseur iri mu bikorwa byo kubungabunga, amashanyarazi yihutirwa, igikoresho cy’umutekano w’amashanyarazi cyangwa switch nyamukuru ifunze, ntigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa byo gutabara; (4) hari switch idakora ku buryo bwikora, iyo switch iri mu gihe ifunze, igikoresho ntigishobora gutangira igikorwa cyo gutabara [3].
Ibivuzwe haruguru (1) na (4) biroroshye cyane, kandi (2) igihe cyo gutegereza umuriro w'amashanyarazi gishobora gushyirwaho no guhindurwa. Icy'ingenzi ni ingingo ya (3), iyo icyuma gikingira gicagaguritse igikoresho gikingira gicagaguritse ntabwo kigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa, ni ukuvuga ko igikoresho gikingira gicagaguritse kiba ari igikorwa cyihutirwa munsi y'imiterere y'amashanyarazi yo hanze. Nanone nasanze mu igenzura mbere y'uko ascenseur zimwe na zimwe zicagaguritse iyo icyuma gikingira gicagaguritse, ibyuma bivura gicagaguritse bizatuma ascenseur igera ku rwego rwo hejuru igafungura umuryango, ibyo bikaba bigaragara ko bidahuye n'ibisabwa n'amategeko agenga igenzura. Mu igenzura hagomba kuboneka ko icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye k'icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye, ariko akenshi mu igenzura ni uko icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye kizagenzura ibindi bikoresho by'amashanyarazi cyangwa kikangiza amashanyarazi y'inyubako yose, kandi icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye kizaba kiri kure y'icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye cyangwa ecran y'ibikorwa byihutirwa, ibyo bikaba bitera ingorane mu igenzura nyaryo. Kuri iki kibazo, ni byiza kongeramo igikoresho gipima gifasha hagati y'icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye n'icyuma gicira agakoresho gakomeye kugira ngo hirindwe guca agakoresho gacira agakoresho gakomeye [4].
Dukurikije amahame agenga ikorwa ry’ibikoresho byo gutabara byikora ntabwo ari mu bice by’umutekano, ku ya 1 Nyakanga 2022, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya TSG T7007-2022 "amategeko agenga ubwoko bw’ibizamini bya elevator" naryo ntiryayashyize mu rwego rw’ibizamini by’ubwoko. Umwanditsi yizera ko ibisabwa ubu by’ibikoresho byo gutabara byikora bishobora kwerekeza ku bisabwa by’imashini ikoresha ascenseur, nko kuba urugi rwo hasi n’urugi rw’imodoka bihagaze mu gihe cy’ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho byo gutabara byikora, amajwi n’amatara mu modoka kugira ngo hubahirizwe amabwiriza. Isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru rigaragaza kandi ko imiterere y’urugi rwo hasi n’urugi rw’imodoka ari ingenzi ku mutekano w’inzira yo gutabara, bityo hakwiye gushyirwaho andi mategeko. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya vuba rya GB/T 7588.1-2020 “Amabwiriza y’umutekano mu gukora no gushyiraho ascenseur Igice cya 1: Ascenseur y’abagenzi n’imizigo” ritanga ibisabwa byinshi ku gikoresho gikoreshwa mu gihe cy’ubutabazi, ari byo: mu gihe cy’isaha imwe nyuma y’uko habayeho ikibazo, amashanyarazi agomba kuba ashobora gutuma imodoka ifite umutwaro uwo ari wo wose yimukira kuri sitasiyo iri hafi kandi umuvuduko wa ascenseur ntugomba kurenza 0.3m/s.
4 Umwanzuro
Ubutabazi bwihutirwa ni igikorwa cyo gutabara mu bihe bikomeye by'akazi, kandi inganda zikora, inganda zishinzwe gusana n'abakoresha ibikoresho bitatu byo gutabara byavuzwe haruguru bagomba gukora uruhare rwabo kugira ngo umutekano ukomeze, ni ukuvuga: inganda zikora zigomba guhuza amahame ngenderwaho yo gukora ascenseur n'amategeko agenga ubwoko bw'ibizamini bya ascenseur kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa kugira ngo umusaruro n'ubwiza by'ibicuruzwa birusheho kuba byiza; inganda zishinzwe gusana zigomba kongera imiterere n'imikorere y'ibikoresho byo gutabara kugira ngo harebwe ko feri idafunguye. Inshingano nyamukuru igomba gufatwa n'iyi mashini ishinzwe gutabara no gukomeza kugenzura iyi mashini no gukora imyitozo yo gutabara mu gihe cy'impanuka.
Nk'umugenzuzi w'ameza, tugomba gukurikiza ibisabwa n'amategeko agenga igenzura kugira ngo tugenzure buri kintu, kandi icyarimwe, tugomba kongera imbaraga mu kwiga ihame ry'imikorere ya ameza n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'amashanyarazi, kugira ngo duhuze inyigisho n'imikorere, dushake ibibazo mu igenzura, dukemure ibibazo kandi twizere ko ameza akora neza.

[1] Zhou Xi. Ubushakashatsi ku igenzura ry'igikoresho cyo gutabara gikoresha ascenseur [J]. Ascenseur yo mu Bushinwa, 2021,32 (21): 39-40,59.
[2] Yang World. Ihame ry'imikorere y'igikoresho gisanzwe cyo gutabara gikoresheje ascenseur n'igenzura ryacyo [J]. Ascenseur yo mu Bushinwa, 2020,31 (14):40-42.
[3] TSG T7001-2009, Amategeko agenga ascenseur n'igenzura rya buri gihe - ascenseur zitwara imizigo n'izitwara imizigo ku ngufu [S].
[4] Wang Chao. Ikiganiro ku ngingo ngenderwaho n'igenzura ry'ibikoresho bisanzwe byo gutabara byihutirwa bidafite imashini [J]. Umutekano w'ibikoresho byihariye by'Ubushinwa, 2020, 36 (7): 61-65, 70.

Yasubiwemo: Iyi nkuru yasohotse mu kinyamakuru China Elevator Magazine, No. 14, 2022
Umwanditsi: Shen Shulin, Sheng Yiqian, Dai Yang, Cai Dawei / Ishami rya Suqian, Ikigo cya Jiangsu gishinzwe kugenzura ibikoresho byihariye byo kugenzura no kugenzura